KOZINEC BLANITÝ

Latinský název: Astragalus membraneceus

Čínský název: Huang ČCHI, 黄芪

Kategorie: Tonikum, adaptogen, antioxidant

Aspekt: sladký, mírně teplý

Obsažené aktivní látky: Glykosidy astragalosidy I-IV a trigonosidy I-III. Isoflavonoidy formononetin, ononin, calycosin. Saponiny a triterpenoidy vykazující strukturální podobnost s prekurzory steroidního hormonu.

Astragálus patří mezi nejprominentnější léčivé rostliny nejen tradiční čínské mediciny, ale obecně. Jedná se totiž o rostlinu s mimořádnou a na celém světě ojedinělou vlastností prodlužovat život jednotlivých buněk, prostřednictvím působení svých aktivních látek, zejména astragalosidu IV a cycloastragenolu na zakončení chromozomů buněk, zvaná telomery, které vede k jejich prodlužování, narozdíl od jejich, při buněčném dělení běžného zkracování, vedoucího až k apoptóze - neboli jejímu geneticky programovanému zániku. O tomto mechanizmu budou ještě následovat velmi zajímavé skutečnosti v průběhu popisu působení a účinků této téměř zázračné rostliny.

Kozinec vykazuje z pohledu Tradiční čínské medicíny následující vlastnosti:

- doplňuje ČCHI a zvedá JANG, proto má schopnost doplnit slezinu, neboť její prázdnota se projeví snížením chuti k jídlu, svítivě bílou, nebo zvadle žlutou barvou v obličeji, únavou, řídkou stolicí. Pokud se slezina oslabí ještě více, začne se ČCHI propadávat dolů, což přináší potíže, jako je pokles orgánů, vyhřeznutí dělohy, konečníku, chronický průjem, mimo - periodický výtok krve a podobně. Další funkcí sleziny je udržovat krev ve svých drahách, proto při prázdnotě ČCHI dochází k únikům krve, a to do stolice, moči, podkoží, nebo k samovolnému krvácení z nosu. Tyto druhy krvácení se zastavují právě posílením ČCHI sleziny a tím i její schopnosti udržovat krev ve svých drahách.

- kozinec podporuje ČCHI a zpevňuje povrch, což znamená, že je schopný zastavit časté pocení z prázdnoty povrchu, tedy posílit tzv. ochrannou ČCHI. Pokud je tato ochranná vrstva oslabená dochází ke zvýšené zimomřivosti, nachlazení a samovolnému pocení.

- léčí dlouhodobě se nehojící vředy a rodí svalstvo. Jestliže se tedy kvůli slabosti ČCHI vředy dlouhodobě nehojí, kozinec podporuje tvorbu tkáně a rány se následně zavírají.

- pokud oslabená ČCHI nedokáže dostatečně transformovat ani rozhýbávat tekutiny dochází k jejich stagnaci a vzniku měkkých vodnatých edémů. Pokud se tedy prostřednictvím kozince posílí slezina, která odpovídá v těle, mimo jiné i za transformaci a distribuci tekutin, může tato bylina pomoci při léčbě těchto problémů.

Moderní vědecké výzkumy přiznávají výtažku z kořene astragalu schopnost stabilizovat a posílit různé pochody imunitního systému, zvláště proti onemocněním virového a bakteriálního původu v dýchacích cestách.

Kozinec k sobě poutá v posledních letech pozornost vědců z toho důvodu, jelikož obsahuje látky (astragalosid IV a cykloastragenol), která prokazatelně napomáhá brzdit stárnutí buněk (skrze aktivitu CD4 a CD8 lymfocytů).

Stárnutí buněk je definováno úbytkem délky telomer, specializovaných struktur zakončení eukaryotních chromozomů, které se při každé mitóze neboli dělení buňky zkracují, protože nemají schopnost se po rozdvojení zaentlovat. Dojde-li ke zkrácení telomery pod kritickou mez, buňka aktivuje svůj terminační gen, který navodí apoptózu buňky, její dobrovolnou smrt.

Není od věci připomenout, že objev mechanizmu fungování telomer a enzymu telomerázy získal třem vědcům, kterými jsou Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak, v roce 2009 Nobelovu cenu za "Fyziologii nebo Medicínu", viz obrázek na tomto odkaze (pouze v elektronické verzi textu).

Molekula kyseliny deoxyribonukleové (DNA) je rozdělená do 23 párů, které existují v buňce samostatně. Tyto jednotlivé molekuly DNA vytváří chromozomy. Strukturálně jsou jejich zakončení, označovaná jako telomery, tvořeny nukleoproteinovým komplexem - tedy DNA a skupinou různých proteinů. Nukleotidová sekvence telomer je 5'-TTAGGG-3'. Telomera je zakončena určitým přesahem (tzv. 3'-overhang) jednoho vlákna jinak dvouřetězcové DNA. Proteinovou složku tvoří skupina šesti bílkovin (mezi nimi jsou zmiňovány například bílkoviny TRF1 či TRF2), které dohromady tvoří tzv. sheletrinův complex, tedy strukturu chránící telomeru před degradací a podílejí se i na dalších procesech.

Zdroj: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Telomere_packaging.jpg

Při replikaci DNA během procesu buněčného dělení dochází na koncích molekuly DNA zkracování telomer, neboť enzym DNA-polymeráza, který replikaci DNA umožňuje, není schopen uskutečnit replikaci volné části telomery až do jejího úplného zakončení. Po ukončení replikace se tak pokaždé určitý úsek telomery ztratí a celá struktura se o tento úsek zkrátí.

V průběhu života organizmu se tak s narůstajícím počtem uskutečněných buněčných dělení zkracuje i délka telomer v jednotlivých buňkách. Délka telomer hraje velmi důležitou roli v určení délky života buňky. Délka telomery je markerem stáří buňky. Pokud je její délka již krátká, další dělení buňky ustane a buňka samovolně zanikne. Telomery tak mají pravděpodobně přímou spojitost s procesem stárnutí jako takovým. Počet cyklů dělení buňky je odhadován na 50-80. Tento limit určitého počtu buněčných dělení se nazývá podle svého objevitele, Hayflickův limit.

V lidském organismu nicméně existují buňky, které takové omezení nevykazují, jsou ale velmi vzácné a velmi specifické. Jedná se o buňky kmenové a buňky embryonální u nichž ke zkracování telomer nedochází, díky působení enzymu telomerázy.

Nejpozději v roce 2011 bylo vědecky prokázáno, že látky o bsažené v kořenech kozince blanitého jsou schopny telomery prodlužovat a tím i životnost buněk a celého organizmu. Studie nese název "The telomerase activator TA-65 elongates short telomeres and increases health span of adult/old mice without increasing cancer incidence." Tedy, Aktivátor telomerázy TA-65 prodlužuje krátké telomery a zvyšuje životnost dospělých/starých myší bez zvyšování výskytu rakoviny.

Proto je možné nazvat kozinec blanitý rostlinou dlouhověkosti - minimálně, co se týče jednotlivých buněk našeho organizmu, které při podání výtažku z kořene kozince blanitého vykazují větší životnost, tedy počet cyklů mitotického buněčného dělení.

Detailní popis zjištěných vlastností kozince blanitého: odkaz na stránky v anglickém jazyce (pouze elektronická verze textu): Sigma-Aldrich® (Merck)

Přehled vybraných vědeckých publikací k tématu

Telomery

Szostak JW, Blackburn EH. Cloning yeast telomeres on linear plasmid vectors. Cell 1982; 29:245-255.

Greider CW, Blackburn EH. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell 1985; 43:405-13.

Greider CW, Blackburn EH. A telomeric sequence in the RNA of Tetrahymena telomerase required for telomere repeat synthesis. Nature 1989; 337:331-7.

Blackburn E., Epel E. The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing, Hachette Book Group, 2017.

Elizabeth Blackburn on the telomere effect: It's about keeping healthier for longer. Interview by Zoë Corbyn. The Guardian, 29 Jan 2017.

Video:

Elizabeth Blackburn, 2009 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine

ASTRAGALUS MEMBRANECEUS (921 položek)

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