HOUSENICE ČERVENÁ

Latinský název: Cordyceps militaris, od r. 2013 Ophiocordyceps m. (alt. Hirsutella, Clavaria)

Čínský název: Dong Chong Xia Cao 冬蟲夏草 (alt. Chong Cao 蟲草)

Tibetský název: Yartsa günbu དབྱར་རྩྭ་དགུན་འབུ

Kategorie: Antioxidant, adaptogen, afrodiziakum, immunostimulans

Obsažené aktivní látky: polysacharidy; nukleosidy kordycepin, adenosin, guanosin, uridnin, a inosin; mannitol; steroly; peptidy kordymin a myriocin, melanin, lovastatin; kyselina gama-aminomáselná (GABA); kordysininy; nasycené a nenasycené mastné kyseliny oleová a palmytová.

Indikace: Astma, kašel, impotence, slabost. Posiluje JANG ledvin a doplňuje JIN plic. Chrání ledviny, játra, plíce a kardiovaskulární systém, zvyšuje okysličení organismu, tiší záněty, zlepšuje imunitu, upravuje hormonální systém, zvyšuje libido.

Kontraindikace: Coleus Forskohlii a kofein brání syntéze testosteronu

V Číně a zejména v Tibetu (Xīzàng, 西藏) se houba užívá již déle než 700 let. Jako Yartsa Gümbu byla poprvé písemně zmíněna tibetským léčitelem jménem Zurkhar Nyamnyi Dordže - Nezničitelný (1439 - 1475 ) ve jeho lékopisném svatku "Ústní pokyny pro myriádu léků", pod titulkem "Oceán afrodiziakálních vlastností". V ryze čínském lékopise (Ben Cao Bei Jao 本草備要) houbu popsal Wang Ang roku 1694.

Tato medicinálně velice významná houba zvaná Housenice nese své jméno podle housenky motýla z čeledi hrotnokřídlecovitých - Hepialidae (konrétně Thitarodes spp.), která poskytuje doslova živnou půdu pro její růst. Houba je totiž entomofágní a housenku, která je napadena výtrusem proroste a do několika týdnů usmrtí.

V mixocoelu svého hostitele totiž produkuje buňky podobné kvasinkovým. Uvnitř schránky hmyzu poté pokračuje hyfální růst, během kterého je organismus hostitele stráven a nahrazen houbovým sklerociem, které slouží k přežívání houby v nepříznivých podmínkách vysokohorské zimy. Jakmile jsou podmínky příhodné, vyroste ze sklerocia fototropická plodnice, která obsahuje perithecia a askospory. Tento životní cyklus dal housenici její čínské jméno "zimní červ - letní tráva". Neboli v zimě housenka, v létě rostlina.

Poté, co svého nedobrovolného hostitele zcela stráví, uchová si mycelium jeho tvar, takže nadále vypadá jako nepohyblivá housenka, ze které v průběhu životního cyklu vyrostou dlouhé plodnice, které v říši hmyzu znovu rozsejí zkázu a zmar v podobě smrtonosných spor.

Je známo, že mravenci nakažení sporami Cordicepsu budou okamžitě odvlečeni strážci, co nejdále od mraveniště, neboť představují skutečně vážnou existenční hrozbu pro celou mravenčí kolonii, kterou je houba schopna vymýtit do posledního jedince. Sporou zasažený mravenec totiž začne pod vlivem houby rostoucí v jeho nitru, vykazovat specifické vzorce chování ovlivněné samotnou houbou. Bezprostředně před svým vysemeněním navede houba mravence na vyhovující vyvýšené místo s dostatkem vláhy. Mravenec vyšplhá například na vrchol stébla trávy, nebo horní větvičky porostu, tam si najde vhodný list a ukotví se na něm pevným sevřením kusadel v charakteristickém smrtelném sevření. V této poloze jej zastihne jeho konec. Jeho ostatky poslouží houbě coby ideální substrát k dalšímu růstu a vyvýšené místo představuje ideální odpalovací rampu pro novou salvu smrtících výtrusů.

V případě napadení tibetským kordycepsem, který invaduje výhradně housenky, houba přiměje svého hosta setrvávajícího v podzemí, přiblížit se povrchu tak, aby budoucí plodnice snadno vystoupila na povrch a tam se mohla pohodlně vysemenit.

Tento fenomén se stal zajímavým motivem dokumentárních filmů. Pro zajímavost budiž na konci této statě uvedeno několik odkazů na krátké, leč výstižné videozáznamy v anglickém jazyce.

Podstatná je zde skutečnost, že tato vzácná léčivá houba vykazuje schopnost komunikovat s živočišným organismem svého hostitele, ovládnout jej a poté jej zcela pohltit. Z fosilie listu byla vědecky prokázána skutečnost, že tato houba sužovala své hostitele, konkrétně mravence, již před 48 miliony let. Na zkamenělém listu byly totiž objeveny totožné otisky kusadel sevřených v agonii mravence, poslušně plnícího zadání svého smrtícího hosta, jako bývají nacházeny na živých listech i dnes.

Po tisíciletí jsou známy blahodárné účinky této cizopasné houby na lidské zdraví. Dodnes si sběrem a prodejem housenice čínské v himalájském podhůří zajišťují obživu celé vesnice (až 40% HDP oblasti). Vzácná a vyhledávaná léčivá houba má dnes doslova téměř cenu zlata. Skutečně představuje housenice to nejdražší přírodní léčivo na světě (cena se pohybuje mezi $20,000 až $40,000 per kg). Dříve byl tento klenot přírodní medicíny vyhrazen pouze členům čínského císařského dvora. V dnešní době je houba nepoměrně dostupnější mnohem širšímu okruhu pacientů.

Více informací o sezónním sběru Housenice čínské v Himalájích v článku Himálajská Viagra

Cenově dostupnější varianty jsou kultivary průmyslově pěstované na vlastních, za tímto účelem chovaných larvách, či dokonce v umělých substrátech na bázi sóji nebo rýže. Právě zde vyvstává rozdíl mezi odrůdou Cordyceps sinensis a cordyceps militaris. Zatímco housenice čínská pochází ze specifického habitatu vysokých poloh Himalájí a vykazuje proto svérázné vlastnosti v oblasti metabolizace kyslíku, je odrůda C. militaris rozšířená po celém světě. Byla nalezena i na území našeho státu, o čemž svědčí článek Housenice červená (Cordyceps militaris L.) na Jihlavsku.

Obě varianty housenice jsou si velmi podobné, přičemž C. sinensis, který je endemický na Tibetské náhorní plošině výhradně v nadmořské výšce mezi 3000-5200, je již přes 38 milionů let od vzedmutí náhorního plata, adaptovaný na vysokohorské podmínky včetně nedostatku kyslíku v důsledku řidšího vzduchu.

V kontrolovaných podmínkách lze C. sinensis úspěšně pěstovat s jediným nedostatkem, mycelium houby naroste ale nevytvoří plodnici. Rozšířenější druh C. militaris vytváří v umělých podmínkách i plodnice, takže je pro průmyslové účely vhodnější, neboť každá část houby, mycelium i sporokarp přináší vlastní, zdraví prospěšné látky.

Oba druhy nicméně vykazují rozdíly, např. v odlišných antioxidačních vlastnostech ve vztahu k oxidaci bílkovin či tuků, tak jako odlišné schopnosti odbourávat cholesterol, či různé množství nukleosidu adenosinu, (2' -deoxyadenosin, neboli kordycepin). C. sinensis roste při velmi nízkých teplotách (pod 21°C, optimálně 18°C) a v porovnání s ostatními druhy také velmi pomalu.

Uměle kultivované houby obsahují na rozdíl od přírodních exemplářů méně nasycených i nenasycených mastných kyselin (k. olejová, resp. k. palmitová).

Dle Tradiční čínské medicíny má Housenice následující vlastnosti:

- doplňuje esenci ŤING a JANG ledvin, proto se může použít v případech bolestí v bedrech v kolenou, impotenci a předčasné ejakulaci. (Více informací o životní esenci ťing (精 a o významu a funkci ledvin dle čínské tradiční medicíny lze dohledat v příspěvku k položce "Směs Škornice").

Právě v kombinaci s bylinou Škornice šípolistá (Epimedium sagittatum), případně s kořenem Moruše indické (Morinda citrifolia) lze v oblasti ledvin, morku, jater a brány života ming men 命門 dosáhnout nejlepších výsledků.

- doplňuje jin a ČCHI plic a ledvin, proto odstraňuje potíže s dýcháním, rozpouští a transformuje hlen, zastavuje kašel a upravuje dušnost. V tomto případě se často kombinuje se Ženšenem pravým. Housenice má tedy schopnost léčit kašel a dušnost vzniklou z nedostatku ČCHI plic a ledvin

- rozpouští hlen

- posiluje ochrannou ČCHI (wej čchi 卫气)

- zpomaluje stárnutí - doplňuje esenci ledvin ťing a v důsledku toho obnovuje fyzické síly, anemii, kradmé pocení, má anabolické účinky a tím, že doplňuje JANG ledvin, odstraňuje chlad z končetin.

Housenice čínské je bezesporu jednou z nejznámějších a také nejzajímavějších hub vůbec. Číňané ji dokonce považují za rostlinu a živočicha zároveň, neboť spory této houby napadají hmyz, který využijí jako podklad pro svůj vývoj, právě díky tomuto neobvyklému spojení rostlinné a živočišné říše dokáže tato vzácná houba doplnit jak jangovou, tak i jinovou energii.

Podle stávajících lékařských studií se housenice může, používá k regulaci vysokého tlaku, zlepšení činnosti srdce a cév. Podporuje dýchání a zlepšuje činnost plic, používá se tedy i k léčbě astmatu. Zmírňuje únavu a celkově zvyšuje tělesnou a duševní odolnost a výdrž, i schopnost snášet stres. Prokázán je také pozitivní vliv na činnost jater a ledvin.

Upozornění: Produkt není určený jako náhrada pestré stravy. Nepřekračujete denní dávkování. Nevystavujete přímému slunečnímu záření. Není určeno pro děti. Není určeno pro těhotné a kojící ženy. Skladujte v suchu a temnu při pokojové teplotě mimo dosah dětí.

Nařízení Evropského Parlamentu a Rady č. 1924/2006 ze dne 20. prosince 2006 výslovně zakazuje prodejcům uvádět u potravin a doplňků stravy jakákoliv tvrzení, která by naznačovala, že tyto mají léčebné vlastnosti. Proto je zdánlivý popis léčebných vlastností uveden výhradně z pohledu tradičního léčitelství v zájmu antropologickém a etnografickém. Není účelem tohoto textu, jakkoliv komentovat soudnost zmíněného Nařízení. Z pohledu platné evropské legislativy proto veškeré zde uvedené potraviny a doplňky stravy žádné léčebné vlastnosti nevykazují.

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